Neurotherapy or EEG Biofeedback
EEG biofeedback uses feedback information from brainwaves. These brain waves reflect different mental states such as attention and concentration. EEG-biofeedback (or neurotherapy) has been developed over the past 30 years in the USA and Europe. It is used to treat a variety of problems, including insomnia, ADHD, anxiety, panic, stress, PTSD, addiction, mood, depression, fatigue, seizures, migraines, and chronic pain. Denis is the first clinician in W.A. to be trained in neurotherapy (www.eeginfo.com) and in HeartMath (www.int-a1.com/heartmath).
Therapeutic Uses ...
EEG Spectrum Int., lists the following areas in which Neurofeedback is helpful:
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See also: http://www.eegspectrum.com/Applications
See also: http://www.eegspectrum.com/Applications/InfoNetwork
See also: http://www.eegspectrum.com/disorder/For further information on the use of neurotherapy in the treatment of the above disorders visit http://www.eegspectrum.com/Applications/InfoNetwork/
or contact Whole Life Centre.
Historical background
Neurotherapy training to decrease slow wave activity and increase fast, desynchronised EEG activity has been used for over thirty years to ameliorate ADHD and epilepsy and is well documented in scientific literature (http://www.snr-jnt.org/NFBArch/nindex.htm).
Controlled studies began in the mid-1970s, most notably through the pioneering research efforts of psychologists Professors Barry Sterman and Joel Lubar. Professor Sterman discovered the technique by accident in the 1970s while researching sleep disorders. Based on Sterman's work Joel Lubar3, a Professor of Psychology at University of Tennessee, developed a neurotherapy protocol in the mid-1970s that effectively treats Attention Deficit Disorder and hyperactivity. Several hundred clinicians have reported that more than 80% of hundreds of children they have treated using biofeedback have achieved significant improvements.
In the 1980s, Sue and Siegfried Othmer, who had seen dramatic changes in their son's epilepsy and personality problems that years of top flight medical care couldn't bring about, launched the company EEG Spectrum with the express purpose of making the world aware of neurofeedback.
Today more than 1,500 neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, medical doctors, and counsellors around the world are using the new brain wave biofeedback. Fremantle based clinical neurotherapist and psychologist, Denis McCarthy (ph. 0500 567 500), who studied with Professor Barry Sterman and Dr Siegfried Othmer in 1997, is the first Western Australian to have completed the EEG Spectrum neurotherapy practitioner training
"SYMPHONY IN THE BRAIN is a darn good book. I hope everybody will read it, because it's about time the medical profession and the insurance companies found out that there's a better way of doing things, and that's the way that Jim Robbins has described."
- Elmer Green, Ph.D., author of Beyond Biofeedback.
Two recent books provide an excellent overview of the whole field of neurotherapy. The above quote is in fact taken from the home web page of Jim Robbins, author of the recently published book entiled "Symphony in the Brain: The evolution of the new brain wave biofeedback" (http://www.symphonyinthebrain.com).
Since its release in 2000 "Symphony in the Brain" has had very wide publicity including in the June issue of Newsweek, an extract of which is attached. In his book Robbins "tells the fascinating, untold story of the development of neurofeedback. He traces its accidental discovery by a UCLA research scientist [ Professor M. Barry Sterman ], to the present battle for acceptance" (quote from the cover) and in his acknoweldgements he says "I am especially indebted to Sue and Siegfried Othmer and Dennis Campbell, all of EEG Spectrum ..." He also thanks the founding pioneers of the field "Barry Sterman, Joel Lubar, Michael.
Jim Robbins, is a reputable reporter whose work has appeared (and continues to appear) in the Science Section of the New York Times and Smithsonian magazine (publication of the Smithonian Institute in the US) among other places."
The other book more suited to clinical psychologists is the edited book "Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback" edited by James Evans, Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina. Amazon Books website says "This is the first clinical textbook on Neurofeedback (NFB) to be published, and if you are a professional seriously interested in neurofeedback, we urge you to buy it immediately."
The Table of Contents of the James Evan book, can be viewed online by clicking here, where you can also order a copy.
GO TO TOPNeurofeedback Research - Journal Clinical EEG, Jan 2000 special issue
The January 2000 issue of the journal Clinical EEG was entirely dedicated to neurofeedback research (for Table of Contents see here at Amazon Books ) .
"Sixty slender pages, not very heavy to lift, but it should make a thump when it strikes the base." - observed Dr David Kaiser, editor of What's New in Neurofeedback: A Monthly Summary of News and Events for Preofessionals (not suitable for the general public), in the (Vol. 3 No. 5 ) May 2000 issue. Dr David Kaiser described the issue as follows:-
The issue consists of a brief editorial followed by seven review articles. Each review focuses on a single disorder or syndrome treated by neurofeedback. The editorial, written by Frank Duffy, MD, a highly respected scientist and director of the Developmental Neurophysiology Laboratory at Harvard's Childrens Hospital in Boston, may prove to have the greatest impact of all the ink splashed onto these pages. It may lure eyes and minds into the issue, helping to get this thin volume into the hands of those scientists and clinicians who remain ignorant of this promising technique.
Dr Frank Duffy, the Journal editor, introduces the special issue with the remarks:
"In my opinion, if any medication had demonstrated such a wide spectrum
of efficacy it would be universally accepted and widely used" (Duffy, 2000).
Clinical problems covered in this special issue are as follows:
- Schizophrenia and Schizotypy
- Anxiety Disorders
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Affective Disorders
- Seizure Disorders
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Addictive Disorders
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How does it work ?
Neurofeedback Training
EEG Biofeedback (or neurofeedback) is a learning strategy that enables persons to alter their brain waves. When information about a person's own brain wave characteristics is made available to him, s/he can learn to change them. You can think of it as exercise for the brain.
The subject is given immediate feedback on just what his brain's activity is like at any given moment through the use of high speed computers which provide both auditory and visual feedback.
How is it performed ?
The EEG biofeedback training is a painless, non-invasive procedure. One or more sensors are placed on the scalp, and one to each ear. The brain waves are monitored by means of an amplifier and a computer-based instrument that processes the signal and provides the proper feedback. This is displayed to the trainee by means of a video game or other video display, along with audio signals.
The trainee is asked to make the video game go with his brain. As activity in a desirable frequency band increases, the video game moves faster, or some other reward is given. As activity in an adverse band increases, the video game is inhibited. Gradually, the brain responds to the cues that it is being given, and a "learning" of new brain wave patterns takes place. The new pattern is one which is closer to what is normally observed in individuals without such disabilities.
To recap, EEG biofeedback training is a process of:- Monitoring brainwave function
- Giving immediate feedback to the brain
- Allowing the brain to learn instantly
- Responds rapidly to needed changes rewarded by the feedback presented.
- Controls the lowers or raises its individual brain waves (frequency or amplitude)
- Normalizes the brainwaves
- Achieves greater flexibility and facility in various frequencies and amplitudes.
PROCEDURE
When using EEG biofeedback training, the person has electrodes placed on his head and ears. The electrodes are simply reading the brain waves as is done with any EEG test, relaying to the computer the level of the brainwaves: Delta, theta,beta waves, and SMR (sensory motor rhythms). After having the electrodes placed on his head, the subject plays computer games.
The difference between EEG biofeedback training and the usual playing of computer games is that, in the EEG biofeedback training, the person does not use his hands to control the game. He uses his mind-- his ability to focus and/or relax--to make the game function. He is not manipulating the direction of the game. He is controlling the speed at which the game functions.
As the person focuses,
- The game begins to operate
- The brain sees the progress
- This immediate positive feedback tells the brain "This is working!"
- The brain quickly makes adjustments to the brain wave pattern. As the brain lowers the theta waves and increases the beta waves, the game works even better. A positive feedback cycle begins.
As an example, if a person is playing Pac Man, the pac man only moves when the person is able to focus his attention. When a person with a normal brain wave pattern is concentrating on a task, he generally has low theta waves and high beta waves. The brain waves of the person with ADD are reversed. The ADD sufferer has high theta waves and low beta waves making it difficult for him to concentrate or stay focused on a task.
In order to get the pac man to move, the brain "learns" that it must lower the theta waves and increase the beta or SMR waves.
As the person "attends to the task," he is rewarded by the pac man picking up speed and eating the little balls. The brain receives immediate and positive feedback. On the other hand, if the person's concentration slacks off, the pac man may slow down or stop. The brain instantly knows it must make adjustments to the theta and beta waves to make the pac-man move. Through EEG biofeedback training, the person trains his brain to "attend to"or "focus" on a specific task.
GO TO TOPFrequently Asked Questions
See also: http://www.eegspectrum.com/FAQWhat is Neurofeedback for ADHD ?
EEG biofeedback (or neurofeedback) is a new, alternative treatment for ADHD and those with specific Learning disabilities. The same training protocol is usually appropriate for both conditions.
Since 1976, several hundred clinicians, most notably Dr Joel Lubar at the University of Tennessee and Len Ochs in California, have used neurofeedback to produce dramatic clinical improvements in ADHD children. Clinicians report that more then 80% of hundreds of children they have treated using neurofeedback have achieved significant improvements.
What are Brainwaves ?
Brainwaves are the electrical wave patterns found in every person's brain. An electro-encephalograph (EEG) is an instrument which can detect brainwaves and discern whether they are strong or weak (amplitude) or fast or slow (frequency). Scientists commonly identify brainwaves in four categories:-
Beta, the fastest brainwaves, above 13 cycles per second (or hertz). Focussed day-to-day activities and focussed attentiveness are carried out in these states;
Alpha, a slower brainwave, ranging from 8 to 12 hertz. This rhythm is characteristic of a relaxed yet alert or conscious state of awareness.
Theta, the next slower waves range from 4 to 8 hertz. This rhythm is often associated with dreamlike imagery, sleepiness and deep relaxation.
Delta, the slowest waves, from 0 to 4 hertz, predominates during dreamless sleep.
GO TO TOPWhat are the Characteristic EEG Patterns of ADHD ?
Children with ADHD appear to be less able to produce Beta activity above 14 hertz, and experience excessive slow wave activity, especially in the Theta region, from 4 - 8 hertz. In fact, when challenged with academic tests, such children show greater increases in Theta and decreased Beta from baseline readings. In order to concentrate and learn at peak performance, your brain needs to emit a high level of Beta waves. No wonder ADHD children have such trouble concentrating !
What About Assessment and Treatment ?
The assessment procedure begins with the proper evaluation and/or review of previous evaluations to determine that the clinical picture is consistent with ADHD. Assessment will include use of objective, standardised psychological tests, including the Test of Variables of Attention or T.O.V.A., which is a highly effective 20.5 minute computerized screening tool for ADD in children and adults.
The next procedure is to complete a computerised EEG evaluation to determine if the brainwave pattern, characteristic of ADHD is present. If this pattern is present, we then recommend and proceed with neurofeedback training.
How does Neurofeedback Work ?
Neurofeedback works to improve the brain's ability to produce certain brainwaves, the way exercise works to strengthen muscles. Neurofeedback instruments show the kind of waves a person is producing, making it possible for the individual to learn to change in ways to improve attention. Through neurofeedback training it is possible to increase Beta and decrease Theta, allowing for more focussed learning in most children.
Does Neurofeedback Training Cause Any Discomfort ?
None at all I Sensors used in the training are attached to your skin to detect outgoing information from the brain. Nothing enters you or your brain.
Can You Become Attached or Addicted to Neurofeedback ?
No! The equipment is used to learn abilities which are independent of it.
How Long Does the Training Take ?
Neurofeedback training typically takes 15 to 40 sessions depending on the severity of the disorder. Initially, frequency of training is normally two to three times a week. Total training can be completed in four to six months if regularly attended. Each training session lasts approximately 30 - 45 minutes.
If regularly attended, promising changes are often observed around the 10th session.
What Are the Results
Parents and teachers of children who receive neurofeedback training have reported dramatic behavioural improvements such as :-
- finishing tasks,
- listening better,
- less impulsivity
- greater motivation and focus, and
- higher self-esteem
How Long Do the Results from Training Last ?
Long term follow up of adults who, as children, received neurofeedback training for ADHD indicates that, in most cases, the improvement appears to be permanent.
Peak Performance
The Mental Fitness Training Program
The Mental Fitness Training Program helps you to learn and maintain new, more efficient attention and response patterns. Life becomes simpler and easier, less effortful and less stressful, when your brain is in balance and working smoothly.
The Peak Performance Training for Artists
If you are committed to optimizing your talents, Peak Performance Training, can help you get out of your own way, and let your natural gifts shine through.
Peak Performance Training for Athletes
Mental fitness training is a scientifically based, state-of-the-art process that helps provide the self-awareness and self-mastery necessary for peak performance in athletics.
See also: http://www.eegspectrum.com/PeakPerformance
GO TO TOPResults, Effectiveness
Expectations for Treatment Outcomes
with E.E.G. Biofeedback Technology
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD or ADD is effectively treated with this technology. Our experience is that 65%-75% of ADHD individuals respond positively to treatment. Results are usually slow but steady. Realistically plan on up to 40 sessions (30 minutes training each session).
Sleep Disorders- Sleep problems respond well to treatment once the correct treatment protocol has been determined. With the correct protocol in place, sleep often normalizes within three to six sessions. The average length of treatment is ten hours (20 sessions at 30 minutes each).
Learning Disabilities - L.D.ís respond to this treatment technology, but like ADD mentioned above, it takes a lot of time and effort. The average length of treatment for learning disabilities is over 50 sessions (30 minutes per session). Remember, though, the more target problems there are to address, the longer treatment will take.
Seizure Disorders - E.E.G. Biofeedback was originally used to treat seizure disorders. It can be very effective in reducing seizures. Depending on the severity of the disorder, treatment can last anywhere from 30 to 75 sessions (30 minutes per session).
Stroke or Brian Injury - This technique is often the only intervention that can help some people who have suffered a stroke or head injury. Depending on the severity of the injury, the treatment can last from 40 sessions to 100 sessions (30 minute sessions). Any medications being used need to be monitored closely, especially antihypertensives.
Another approach is with Dr. Len Ochs' flexyx technology. See his web page at http://www.flexyx.com for more information. It is still in the research stage, but is very powerful for difficult conditions. This technology is reportedly also very good for depression, PTSD, and neurologically based disorders. Check it out, or call us for details on treatment availability in Australia.
Depression - E.E.G. Biofeedback therapy for depression should always be paired with psychotherapy with a qualified therapist, and anti-depressants if necessary. Expect 40 sessions (30 minutes each). Must work with the M.D. if anti-depressants are prescribed as medication levels may need to be adjusted periodically. There is often a period of increased anger and assertiveness with the decrease of depression which must be addressed in therapy. Often there is also an uncovering of painful past events which are best addressed in therapy.
Migraine Headaches - Migraines respond rapidly to treatment with this technology. Expect to find some relief within the first four sessions of treatment. The average length of treatment is ten hours of treatment (20 sessions at 30 minutes each session). During migraine attacks a 30 minute session will significantly reduce the pain. With training, the migraine attacks are reduced in frequency, intensity, and duration. Typically, migraines respond well to treatment.
Addictive Diseases - The protocol for addictive diseases includes six sessions of thermal training, followed by 30 hours of E.E.G. Biofeedback training over the next six weeks (1 hour per day, 5 days per week for six weeks). This is a highly effective treatment for addictions with lasting effects. When done right, about 80% of alcoholics recover with this training. This number has been replicated in several situations with several researchers. The most famous is Penniston. Alpha/Theta training.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome - Yes, E.E.G. Biofeedback does help with CFS or Post Viral Fatigue Syndrome symptoms. The treatment helps increase patient's energy levels, and helps with the commonly experienced insomnia. We know that it can be hard to make it to the treatment sessions, but we have seen this be very helpful in the treatment of fatigue and insomnia. However, it does not cure the underlying problem, which could range from sodium depletion to systemic yeast infections to several other possibilities. But it does help perk you up a lot. The Dr. Ochs' system, mentioned above, is also very effective with this. See flexyx.com for more details, or call us for details on local treatment availability.
Bed Wetting - Usually responds quickly in children, but is more resistant in adolescents. Other stressors such as emotional conflicts or allergies may need to be addressed.
Testinomials, What Drs Say
"In my opinion, if any medication had demonstrated such a wide spectrum of efficacy it would be universally accepted and widely used"
- Dr Frank Duffy, editor of the Journal Clinical EEG, introduced the special January 2000 issue on neurofeedback with the above remarks. Frank Duffy, MD, is a highly respected scientist and director of the Developmental Neurophysiology Laboratory at Harvard's Childrens Hospital in Boston.
Read what other physicians say at...
http://cygnus.uwa.edu.au/~gaianet/wlc/bmn/refa/Drsay.html
Bibliographic References ... click here.
* Lubar J.F. and Bahler, W.W. (1976). Behavioral management of epileptic seizures following EEG biofeedback training of the sensorimotor rhythm. Biofeedback & Self-Regulation 1 (1): 77-104 (Mar 1976)... on Medline
* Schwartz, G.E. and Weiss, S. (Eds) (1978). Proceedings of the Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2, 3-12.
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